Chemistry study notes
Qualitative Analysis
Identify ions and gases using observations that distinguish them.
O-Level 6092 (2026) / SEC G3 K324 (2027)
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4 topicsDistinguish aqueous cations
Observe a few drops first, then add the reagent in excess.
Identify anions with the correct reagents
Acidification matters because contaminants can imitate the result.
Identify the gas, not just the bubbles
A named gas needs a specific test and observation.
Turn observations into a justified conclusion
Use independent evidence and distinguish uncertainty from absence.
Scope
Learning outcomes
6. Qualitative Analysis (6092 / K324). Use the outcome map to find the explanation for a particular syllabus requirement.
See the learning outcome map
6(a) Identify aqueous cations
- NaOH and/or ammonia; precipitate formation and excess solubility
- Al3+, NH4+, Ca2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Zn2+
- Ammonium warming and evolved gas
- Complex-ion formulae not required
Distinguish aqueous cationsTurn observations into a justified conclusion
6(b) Identify anions
- Carbonate with dilute acid and limewater
- Chloride and iodide with nitric acid and silver nitrate
- Nitrate with aluminium/NaOH, warming and damp red litmus
- Sulfate with nitric acid and barium nitrate
Identify anions with the correct reagentsTurn observations into a justified conclusion
6(c) Identify gases
- NH3 damp red litmus
- CO2 limewater
- Cl2 damp litmus
- H2 lighted splint
- O2 glowing splint
- SO2 acidified manganate(VII)