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Photosynthesis and respiration

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Which pair passes useful supplies from the light-dependent to the light-independent stage?

  1. ATP and reduced NADP.
  2. Carbon dioxide and reduced NAD generated by the light-dependent stage.
  3. ATP and oxygen as the reducing carrier.
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ATP and reduced NADP.

They provide energy and reducing power for carbon assimilation.

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Which is NOT a product of the light-dependent reactions?

  1. Reduced NADP
  2. Oxygen
  3. Glucose
  4. ATP
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Glucose

Carbohydrate is made in the light-independent reactions using ATP and reduced NADP.

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Which is returned for reuse after reduced NADP donates reducing power?

  1. Oxidised NADP.
  2. Oxidised NAD, the same carrier used in glycolysis.
  3. Reduced NADP unchanged, because only ATP is used.
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Oxidised NADP.

It can be reduced again in the light-dependent stage.

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Which is a glycolysis output?

  1. Pyruvate and reduced NAD, with no net ATP gain.
  2. Pyruvate, with net ATP production and reduced NAD.
  3. Acetyl-CoA and carbon dioxide, made in the cytoplasm.
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Pyruvate, with net ATP production and reduced NAD.

This captures the required stage-level products.

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Which set lists important oxidative-phosphorylation inputs?

  1. Glucose, oxidised NAD and carbon dioxide.
  2. Glucose, ADP and phosphate, with ATP made only by substrate-level phosphorylation.
  3. Reduced carriers, oxygen, ADP and phosphate.
  4. Reduced carriers and oxygen, with ATP used to form ADP and phosphate.
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Reduced carriers, oxygen, ADP and phosphate.

Their roles account for carrier oxidation, water formation and ATP production.

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Why can fermentation support continued glycolysis?

  1. It transfers electrons to oxygen to regenerate NAD.
  2. It supplies oxygen as the final electron acceptor for the electron transport chain.
  3. It regenerates oxidised NAD needed by glycolysis.
  4. It removes the need for an oxidised carrier in glycolysis.
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It regenerates oxidised NAD needed by glycolysis.

This maintains the carrier supply for continued substrate oxidation in glycolysis.

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Question 1 of 8

Explain the low anaerobic yield

4 marks

Explain why anaerobic respiration in muscle releases much less energy per glucose than aerobic respiration. Your answer should name the process that makes ATP in each case and the role of oxygen. [4]

Three marked points: only glycolysis, no final electron acceptor, energy left in the product.

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