Put it together: Map the tensions

H2 History - syllabus 9174, 2027

Choose a dispute and identify what drove it.

Which dispute was most clearly driven by a territorial claim?

Konfrontasi

  • Sukarno calls Malaysia neo-colonial.
  • Raids in Borneo and landings in Malaysia, 1964.

Driven mainly by ideology, ambition and grievance.

Territory in Borneo also mattered.

Sabah

  • Philippine claim from 1962.
  • Relations suspended in 1968.

A territorial claim based on the Sultan of Sulu's rights.

Politics in Manila kept it alive.

Preah Vihear

  • Thai occupation from 1954.
  • ICJ ruling in 1962.

A dispute over territory and national pride.

The Cold War split deepened the hostility.

Water

  • Agreements guaranteed in 1965.
  • Price dispute from the late 1990s.

A dispute over a vital resource.

Wider political quarrels shaped it.

Sources and context

Background reading for this chapter.

  • An American estimate of the Malaysia plan

    Paraphrase of a US Special National Intelligence Estimate, "Prospects for Malaysia", 20 February 1963.

  • An American estimate of confrontation

    Paraphrase of a US National Intelligence Estimate, "The Malaysian-Indonesian Conflict", 30 October 1963.

  • Sukarno explains his position

    Paraphrase of a telegram from the US Ambassador in Jakarta, Howard Jones, reporting a conversation with President Sukarno, 10 April 1964.

  • Malaysia reacts to a Philippine plot over Sabah

    Paraphrase of an intelligence note from the US State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research to Secretary of State Rusk, 26 March 1968.

  • Cambodia explains its break with Thailand

    Paraphrase of a US State Department record of a conversation with the Cambodian Ambassador, Nong Kimny, 1 December 1958.

  • The separation agreement guarantees the water agreements

    Paraphrase of section 14 of the Malaysian act annexed to the agreement on the separation of Singapore from Malaysia, signed on 7 August 1965 and registered in the United Nations Treaty Series.

  • an American official on the Manila summit, August 1963

    Extract from a memorandum from Roger Hilsman, Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs, to Secretary of State Dean Rusk, Washington, 2 August 1963, written while the leaders of Indonesia, Malaya and the Philippines were meeting in Manila. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, volume XXIII, document 332. A US government document in the public domain.

  • Washington talks to General Nasution, December 1963

    Extract from a telegram from the State Department (signed by Secretary of State Rusk) to the US embassy in Indonesia, 7 December 1963, reporting talks in Washington with General Nasution, Indonesia's Defence Minister, during Konfrontasi. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, volume XXIII, document 324. A US government document in the public domain.

  • the President is briefed on the temple ruling, July 1962

    Extract from a memorandum from Carl Kaysen, deputy national security adviser, to President Kennedy, Washington, 12 July 1962, and the volume editors' note on it. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, volume XXIII, document 456. A US government publication in the public domain.

  • the State Department on Indonesia's new course, June 1966

    Extract from a State Department paper on Indonesia attached to a memorandum from Walt Rostow to President Johnson, Washington, 8 June 1966, a week after Indonesian and Malaysian delegations led by Adam Malik and Abdul Razak met in Bangkok. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, volume XXVI, document 210. A US government document in the public domain.

  • a cartoon about the Manila summit, August 1963

    An original cartoon drawn for these notes in the style of a regional newspaper cartoon published in August 1963, during and after the Manila summit of Indonesia, Malaya and the Philippines, which asked the UN Secretary-General to find out the wishes of the people of Sabah and Sarawak. It is not a copy of a real cartoon.

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