What this lesson teaches
I can judge which causes mattered most in conflicts such as Kashmir, the Arab-Israeli wars, Congo and Bosnia.
Syllabus 9174, Paper 1, Theme III, Learning Outcomes. evaluate the causes of conflicts
I can judge how local states, the superpowers and the UN shaped how conflicts developed over time.
Syllabus 9174, Paper 1, Theme III, Learning Outcomes. evaluate the roles of different actors in the development of conflicts over time
I can judge how well diplomacy, peacekeeping and peace talks managed conflicts.
Syllabus 9174, Paper 1, Theme III, Learning Outcomes. evaluate the effectiveness of conflict management
Make a guess
Do you think the Congo Crisis was simply a Cold War proxy war?
- Yes, the superpowers created the crisis from scratch.
- No, it was a war between Belgium and the UN.
- No, local causes came first; outsiders made it worse.
Show the answer
No, local causes came first; outsiders made it worse.
A weak state, mineral wealth and regional loyalties came first. Belgium and the superpowers then deepened the crisis.
A weak state left by colonial rule was pulled apart by economic interests and regional loyalties. Outside powers turned it into a Cold War crisis, and the UN held the country together at a high cost.
Domestic politics created the conditions: a state without trained leaders, rival parties and a mutinous army.
Economic interests explain Katanga's secession and Belgian involvement. Ethnic and regional loyalties explain why leaders could build support for breakaway states.
External actors made the crisis worse. Belgium backed Katanga, the USA and USSR backed rival Congolese leaders, and mercenaries fought for pay. Yet Congolese leaders such as Lumumba, Kasavubu, Tshombe and Mobutu made the key decisions.
The UN achieved its main aims: Belgian troops left and the Congo stayed united. But it could not create a stable government, and the crisis nearly bankrupted it.
A strong essay links these points. The colonial legacy made the state weak, economic interests paid for secession, and the Cold War brought outside powers in.
- Root cause
- A weak state left by Belgian rule.
- Sustaining cause
- Katanga's mineral wealth.
- UN record
- Unity achieved; stability not.
Worked example: Ranking causes
Which cause mattered most?
- Criterion: which cause explains both the outbreak and the length of the crisis?
- Domestic politics: why the state collapsed so fast.
- Economic interests: why Katanga could survive for two and a half years.
- Judgement: domestic weakness was the root; economic interests sustained the conflict.
Watch out for this
The Congo Crisis was only a Cold War proxy war.
The Cold War made it worse, but its roots lay in Belgian rule, rushed independence, regional rivalries and the fight over Katanga's wealth.
Check your understanding
Which statement best describes the UN's record in the Congo?
- It kept the country united but could not create a stable government.
- It brought democracy to the Congo through elections it ran in 1961.
- It failed in each of its aims.
Show the answer
It kept the country united but could not create a stable government.
Right. Unity came; stability did not.